PAST PERFECT TENSE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH and
PREPOSITION
papers
Proposed to meet one of the duties on English course
Syariah Department AHS Program
STAIN Watampone
Semester II
Proposed to meet one of the duties on English course
Syariah Department AHS Program
STAIN Watampone
Semester II
by:
Andi Marman
01 09 3082
SEKOLAH
TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN)
WATAMPONE
2012
FOREWORD
Thank God
we pray for
Allah SWT. Because of grace, so that Taufik
and hidayahnyalah paper entitled "PAST PERFECT
TENSE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH and
PREPOSITION" we
can finish on
time. Taslim senangtiasa prayers and directed the
master of our great Prophet Muhammad SAW,
who has brought us to the path of light
on to explain as we perceive at the present time.
The writer
realized that in
this paper are still far from perfection caused
very limited knowledge of the author.
By karna, advice and
constructive criticism are we expected from the readers.
Hopefully
this paper is useful to readers and students can
open up horizons of thinking. Amen ...
Watampone,
26 Mei 2012
author.,
DAFTAR
ISI
TITLE PAGE i
FOREWORD ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
BAB
I INTRODUCTION
A.
Background 1
B.
Problem formulation 1
C.
purpose 2
BAB
II DISCUSSION
A.
Past
Perfect Tense 3
B.
Present Perfect
Continuous Tense 5
C.
Direct and
Indirect Speech 8
D.
Preposition 10
BAB
III CLOSING
A. conclusion 14
B. suggestion 15
REFERENCES
BAB I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
English
is the international language. By mastering English
well, then we will be able to communicate with
other nations in the world. In addition, we will be
able to add insight and knowledge for the betterment of our nation and our country, because we will be able
to read English literature, listening to radio broadcasts abroad,
as well as films menontong
the other sciences. Thus, in the end we can
master the knowledge-knowledge in all fields.
Each
language must have
rules or we often
refer to as the grammar of each, as well as with the English language, a lot of rules that
must be considered in its use, especially in the field
writingnya. Therefore, the authors tried to present the four principles of the
many rules of English, in addition to fulfilling
the task of writing courses also aim may
be as short as this can add to our knowledge of
the English language. The fourth rule
we mean is: Past
Perfect Tense, Present
Perfect Continuous Tense, Direct and Indirect
Speech, preposition. The pembahasanya will
be presented in the next chapter.
B.
Theological Problem
In this paper we summarize some of
which we discuss, namely:
1.
What is Past Perfect Tense, for example, the formula
and how?
2.
How to Present Perfect Continuous Tense sense, what
kind of formula, distribution and example?
3.
Direct and Indirect Speech what (sentence direct and
indirect) that?
4.
Preposition
C.
Purpose
Identification
of the above problems, the author certainly
aimed to clarify or explain these
points, in accordance with the knowledge we
got, both printed sources and from our teachers. Hopefully
we all benefit.
If there are mistakes or words written in this paper,
the authors apologize profusely.
BAB II
DISCUSSION
A.
Past
Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is similar to differ only in due course. Present Perfect
Tense about an event or events that ENDS (perfect, perfect) at this time, for
example: She has just gone (He just left).
While Past
Perfect Tense is the past tense (Past) of the Present Perfect Tense, as it is
called Past Perfect Tense, both Perfectnya! Present Perfect Tense when to use
the formula S + Have / has + V3, the Past Perfect Tense use the past tense of
Has / has the "HAD".
Formulas Past
Perfect Tense
Positive : S + had + V3
Negative : S + had + not + V3
Q :
Had + S + V3
Past Perfect
Tense is often used with other sentences in the form of past tense (Past Tense)
are connecting it with conjunctions such as When (when), After (after). To
emphasize that Perfectnya (after that) it is in the past.
Example
sentence:
@ Past Perfect Tense in positive
sentences
The formula: S + had +
V3
·
He
had gone When I arrived at my home
"I
had gone" is the Past Perfect Tense, with subjectnya is I. See there
"had" it, and the verb form of the three (V3) is gone. According the
formula S + had + V3. Comparison sentences is the past tense: "When He
arrived at my home".
·
I
had written three articles when you visited my blog for the first time
Past Perfect Tense is so on the "Already, the past". Present Perfect Tense of "Yes, now". The formula is similar, because both Perfect. Each Perfect verb form must be used to-3 in both the main Verb or its auxiliary verb.
Past Perfect Tense is so on the "Already, the past". Present Perfect Tense of "Yes, now". The formula is similar, because both Perfect. Each Perfect verb form must be used to-3 in both the main Verb or its auxiliary verb.
·
I had studied hard but I did not
make-good result in the exam
·
You had me twice before I of toll Understood
@
Past Perfect Tense The Negative
The
formula: S + had + not + V3
We
just add the word after HAD NO. As the following examples:
·
I had not studied hard, so I did the
make good result
·
You had not of toll me that, that's why
I did not understand
@
Past Perfect Tense The Sentence Question
We
simply change the word HAD to put words before the subject:
The formula is: Had + S
+ V3
For
example:
·
Had You studied hard my friend?
·
Had You Told Me about this problem?
B.
Present
Perfect Continuous Tense
Stated an event, events and so on,
which lasted STILL IS happening and even very likely WILL continue. From the
past until now and even later. The word "already" or "from the
first" here could have been yesterday's time, 2 hours ago, a century ago,
it could be a few minutes ago. The point about the events described in the
Present Continuous Tense Pefect is actually similar to the Present Continuous
Tense, only this time the emphasis is not on, but the period of time before it:
it is, still, and will happen. For example:
1.
She has been learning english for 3 years
2.
I have been teaching english since last year
3.
They have been touring since yesterday
All
underlined words show us that all the work and activities is still ongoing, and
may even be continued again in the future then.
·
Use Perfect
Continuous Tense presen
We use the
Present Perfect Continuous when we meet the conditions in which an event that
has long occurred and have just stopped.
Examples of
the conditions are like this:
Sinta Mira asked
why the streets are wet.
Mira:
Shinta, the road is wet do you know why?
Shinta: It
has been raining Mira.
It has been raining the Present
Perfect Continuous sentence. Shinta explained that previously there has been
rain. Sentences Present Perfect Continuous in touch with current conditions.
Consider the following sentences:
Ø Jamie is
very tired. He has been working very hard. (He is tired now)
Ø You are
bleeding. What have you been doing? (You are bleeding now)
Ø She has been
talking to Ira about the plan. Ira is telling everyone now.
The formula :
The formula :
Ø Positive:
Subject + have / has + been + verb-ing
Ø Negative: S
+ have / has + not + been + Ving
Ø Question:
Have / has + been + S + Ving
Examples :
Ø We have been
discussing the problem for Several hours. (+)
Ø She has not
been learning english for 3 years. (-)
Ø She Has been
learning english for 3 years?. (?)
Combine Perfect
Continuous Tense presen
To explain the events that took
place had been and still continues to this day, we can combine that with how
long, for and since.
Example
sentence:
Ø How long
have you been watching this movie? (You're still watching the movie)
Ø Where is
Johnny? I have been looking for him for the last three hours (You're still looking
for Joni)
Ø Every Sunday
he practices swimming at Ragunan. He has been swimming since he was five (He
still practices swimming)
The last
sentence also shows something that is done repeatedly over time.
Comparison with the Present Perfect
Continuous Present Continuous
Let us consider the sixth sentence the following:
Let us consider the sixth sentence the following:
1.
Present Continuous
Ø Fahmi,
please answer the phone. I am cooking now.
Ø Lets go to
That house, it is raining.
Ø Ben, we are
waiting for you please hurry.
2.
Present Perfect Continuous
Ø I have been
cooking for three hours, now I'm to going to watch tv
Ø The road is
wet. It has been raining
Ø We have been
waiting for two hours, now let's get going
In the
present continuous tense the whole sentence shows the conditions at the present
time. While in the present perfect continuous, the sentence is divided into two
parts, namely the which is at the present time and past time
C. Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct and indirect speech is used
to tell or retell what someone says to others. In Direct Speech (Sentences
Direct) we are repeating exactly what someone says or what we hear with no
change in a single word.
For example: My sister said: "I
have lost my money".
In Direct Speech, speech or words
that are repeated are placed in quotation marks preceded by a colon after the
Reporting Verb. Sentence directly (Direct Speech) are commonly used in
conversations in books, plays, drama, or quotations. If the above Direct speech
is converted into Indirect Speech would be: My
sister said she had lost her That money.
Based on the above examples it is
clear that the Simple Past Tense in quotation marks turned into Past Perfect
Tense in Indirect Speech.
To change Direct Speech into
Indirect Speech that is essential to note is the Reporting Verb Present Tense
Simple in form, then in Indirrect Speech will not experience change in tense.
Which changed its course just pronouns. For example:
He says: "The first train will
arrive early today".
He Says That the first train will
arrive early today.
In a change Direct Speech into
Indirect Speech tenses will be amended as follows:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
1
|
Simple Present Tense
Linda
said: “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”
|
Simple Past Tense
Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the
book shop
|
|
2
|
Present Continuous Tense
She said: “I doing my English homework”
|
Past Continuous
She said that she was doing her English homework
|
|
3
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect Tense
|
|
4
|
John said: “I have finished doing my reports”
|
John said that he had finished doing his reports
|
|
5
|
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
He said:
“We have been living here for three years”
|
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said
that they had been living there for three years
|
|
6
|
Future Tense
Laila
said: “We will leave for Singapore”
|
Past Future Tense
Laila said
that they would leave for Singapore.
|
|
7
|
Past Continuous
He said:
“I was reading an English novels”
|
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
He said
that he had been reading English novels
|
In addition to changes in tense in
the examples above, a description of time is also changing as follows:
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
1
|
Father
said: “I’ll be very busy today”
|
Father
said that he would be very busy that day
|
|
2
|
He said:
“I came to your house yesterday”
|
He said
that he had come to my house the day before
|
|
3
|
He
promised: “I will return your books tomorrow”
|
He
promised that he would return my books the next day
|
|
4
|
They said:
“We will go to your house next week”
|
They said
that they would come to my house the following week
|
|
5
|
She said:
“I am going to America next year”
|
She said
that she was going to America the following year
|
|
6
|
He said to
me: “I bought this dictionary last week
|
He told me
that he had bought that dictionary the previous week
|
|
7
|
John said:
“My father came back from Japan last month”
|
John said
that his father had come back from Japan the previous month
|
|
8
|
She said:
“I sent my application letter the day before yesterday”
|
She said
that she had sent her application letter two days before
|
D. Preposition
Preposition is followed by the
particle object. In use, the preposition to form a phrase of words which
preceded it and the words that follow it. Preposition usage is influenced by
the verb or adjective preceding it. The principle use of the preposition is
divided into three types:
1.
Based on the verb or adjective that preceded
Example: object to, wait for, live
in, look at, turn off, etc.
2.
Based on the object that follows
Examples: + statements made in the
place, personally agree with the noun / pronoun personal, etc.
3.
Based on the meaning
Example: switch on = turn, go out,
etc.
There are several kinds of
preposition, such as the preposition of Place (prepositions to indicate
places), the preposition of Time (prepositions to indicate time).
Ø preposition of Place
Is a preposition that indicates a
relationship between two or more objects. For example: "The lamp is on the table" containing the preposition
"on". This word shows the relationship between the lamp and desk
space.
The most common prepositions are: in,
on, under, next to, in front of, behind, at. in, on, under, in front of and
behind clearly visible. Examples of sentences are:
1.
The dog is in the box
2.
The cat is under the table
3.
The man is next to the building
However, at
a more abstract concepts - the preposition is used to point to a point in
space, usually a point on a line. See below for a more detailed explanation.
v In is used
to indicate something that surrounds or surrounds us. Example:
§ I sleep in
my bedroom
§ The desk in
the room
In is also
used for geographic areas such as city and state. For example: "I live in
London" or "I live in England".
v On used to
indicate something that is on top of a surface. For example:
§ I sleep on my
bed
§ The paper is
on the desk
On is also used for street names, for
example: "I live on Orchard Roard".
§ At is used
to indicate something that is at a particular point, often as part of a line.
For example:
ü Marzuqi is
at the bus stop
ü Amir is at
the post office
§ At also be
used to complete addresses, for example:
ü "I live
at 98 Kadudampit Road, Sukabumi, West Java."
For sure
when we can use in, on or at? It depends on the perspective of the speaker, and
what is considered acceptable in English.
Ø preposition of Time
Preposition
of time is used also as adverbs of time. That is a word that can provide
information about when, how, where, or in a situation that is expected by
something. Words that show time, among others: at, in, on, for, since, during,
from .... to / till / until. Before and after.
·
At are used in:
Hours : at 5 o'clock
Time to eat : at lunchtime, at breakfast
Religious Events : at Rajaban, at Muludan
Time-specific : at morning, at week-end
·
In use on:
Part of the day : in the night, in the evening
Month : in July, in May
Season : in autumns, in the spring
Year :
in 2010, in 2012
Ages :
in seventh century
·
On use on:
Today : on Monday, onTuesday
Some days : on his wedding day
Date :
on (the) 30th (of) May
·
For use to say how long something is going on.
Example : Amirul Mu'minin fiveteen was in Sukabumi for years.
·
Since is used to tell when something's events begin to
happen.
Example : Ahmad Marzuqi has gone since 13 o'clock.
Example : Ahmad Marzuqi has gone since 13 o'clock.
·
During the period of time is used to indicate where
the incident happened. Example :
I will do that during the holiday next week
·
From. . . to / till / untill and Between. . . and used
to express how much time is spent between starting a job until the job is
completed.
Example : I will be off from the beginning until the end of Juny.
- You can see her Between the 1th and 10th October.
·
Before and after use to state what will be done after
the work of others or what has been done before doing the other.
Example :
- after dinner, I will watch TV. - She arrived before five o'clock
BAB III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
1.
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is an expression that shows the
meaning of the past, or a pertbuatan that have occurred in the past (past).
Then in use the past tense of the verb to use Has / has the "HAD".
The formula is:
Positive: S + had + V3
Negative: S + had + not + V3
Q: Had + S + V3
example:
- Had I slept when you come to my house last night. (+)
- I Had Not slept when you come to my house last night. (-)
- Had I slept when you come to my house last night? (?)
The formula is:
Positive: S + had + V3
Negative: S + had + not + V3
Q: Had + S + V3
example:
- Had I slept when you come to my house last night. (+)
- I Had Not slept when you come to my house last night. (-)
- Had I slept when you come to my house last night? (?)
2.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
The characteristics of the commonly used Present
Perfect Continuous Tense is the same as in the Present Perfect. For example:
since, for dll. Tenses is to declare the act that has been being implemented.
The formula is:
S + HAVE / HAS BEEN + + V3
Example: Amir has been studying for this campus for two years.
The formula is:
S + HAVE / HAS BEEN + + V3
Example: Amir has been studying for this campus for two years.
3.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct and indirect speech is used to tell or retell
what someone says to others. In Direct Speech (Sentences Direct) we are
repeating exactly what someone says or what we hear with no change in a single
word.
example:
- My friend said: "I have lost my money". (Direct speech)
- My friend said That he had lost his money. (Indirect Speech)
example:
- My friend said: "I have lost my money". (Direct speech)
- My friend said That he had lost his money. (Indirect Speech)
4.
Preposition
Preposition are words the which give information about
When, How, Where, or in what circumstances something Happens.
Example: I studying at stai Syamsul Ulum Sukabumi, West Java
Example: I studying at stai Syamsul Ulum Sukabumi, West Java
B. Suggestion
hus the preparation of this paper, the authors realize
that in this paper, there are still many shortcomings and imperfections of what
is presented. So, I love tiasa any suggestions or criticisms from readers in
order to provide constructive feedback, for the perfection of the preparation
of the next paper. This paper may be useful for us all.
bibliography
Simanjuntak, Herpinus.2005.Bahasa Inggris Sistem
52M jilid 2.visipro:Jakarta
Emalia Iragiliati Lukman, M.Pd., Dra.2004.Headlight
An Extensive Exposure to English Learning for SMA Students. Penerbit:
Erlangga,Jakarta
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/present-perfect-continuous.html
http://klikbelajar.com/pelajaran-sekolah/pelajaran-bahasa/bahasa-inggris/belajar-bahasa-inggris-present-perfect-continous
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